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Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) e ka fumanoa mehloling ea tlhaho e kang limela le likhoele tsa lehong.Thermoplastic resin composite e matlafalitsoeng ke CNF e na le lintho tse ngata, ho kenyeletsoa matla a matla a mochini.Kaha thepa ea mechine ea metsoako e matlafalitsoeng ea CNF e angoa ke palo ea fiber e ekelitsoeng, ke habohlokoa ho fumana hore na ho na le motsoako oa CNF filler ka matrix ka mor'a ho bōptjoa ha ente kapa extrusion molding.Re netefalitse kamano e ntle ea mola pakeng tsa mahloriso a CNF le ho monya ha terahertz.Re ka lemoha phapang lipakeng tsa CNF ho 1% lintlha re sebelisa terahertz time domain spectroscopy.Ho phaella moo, re ile ra hlahloba thepa ea mechine ea CNF nanocomposites ho sebelisa boitsebiso ba terahertz.
Li-cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) hangata li ka tlase ho 100 nm ka bophara 'me li tsoa mehloling ea tlhaho e kang limela le likhoele tsa lehong1,2.Li-CNF li na le matla a phahameng a mochine3, optical transparency4,5,6 e phahameng, sebaka se seholo sa holim'a metsi, le coefficient e tlase ea ho atolosa mocheso7,8.Ka hona, li lebelletsoe ho sebelisoa e le lisebelisoa tse tšoarellang le tse phahameng tsa ts'ebetso lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki9, lisebelisoa tsa bongaka10 le thepa ea moaho11.Likopano tse matlafalitsoeng ka UNV li bobebe ebile li matla.Ka hona, li-composite tse matlafalitsoeng ke CNF li ka thusa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea mafura a likoloi ka lebaka la boima ba tsona bo bobebe.
Ho finyella ts'ebetso e phahameng, kabo e tšoanang ea li-CNF ka matrices a hydrophobic polymer a kang polypropylene (PP) ke ea bohlokoa.Ka hona, ho na le tlhokahalo ea tlhahlobo e sa senyeheng ea metsoako e matlafalitsoeng ka CNF.Teko e sa senyeheng ea metsoako ea polymer e tlalehiloe12,13,14,15,16.Ho phaella moo, tlhahlobo e sa senyeheng ea metsoako e matlafalitsoeng ea CNF e thehiloeng ho X-ray computed tomography (CT) e tlalehiloe 17.Leha ho le joalo, ho thata ho khetholla li-CNF ho tloha matrices ka lebaka la phapang e tlaase ea setšoantšo.Tlhahlobo ea li-labeling tsa fluorescent18 le tlhahlobo ea infrared19 li fana ka pono e hlakileng ea li-CNF le li-template.Leha ho le joalo, re ka fumana boitsebiso bo ka holimo feela.Ka hona, mekhoa ena e hloka ho khaola (tlhahlobo e senyang) ho fumana boitsebiso ba ka hare.Ka hona, re fana ka liteko tse sa senyeheng tse thehiloeng ho theknoloji ea terahertz (THz).Maqhubu a Terahertz ke maqhubu a motlakase a nang le maqhubu a tsoang ho 0.1 ho isa ho 10 terahertz.Maqhubu a Terahertz a hlakile ho lisebelisoa.Haholo-holo, lisebelisoa tsa polymer le lehong li hlakile ho maqhubu a terahertz.Tekanyetso ea mokhoa oa li-polymers tsa kristale ea metsi21 le tekanyo ea deformation ea elastomers22,23 e sebelisang mokhoa oa terahertz e tlalehiloe.Ho feta moo, ho bonahatsoa ha terahertz ea tšenyo ea patsi e bakoang ke likokoanyana le mafu a fungal ka lehong ho bontšitsoe24,25.
Re etsa tlhahiso ea ho sebelisa mokhoa o sa senyeheng oa tlhahlobo ho fumana thepa ea mochini ea li-composites tse matlafalitsoeng ke CNF re sebelisa theknoloji ea terahertz.Thutong ena, re batlisisa terahertz spectra ea CNF-reinforced composite (CNF/PP) le ho bontša tšebeliso ea boitsebiso ba terahertz ho hakanya bongata ba CNF.
Kaha lisampole li ne li lokisitsoe ka ho bōptjoa ka ente, li ka 'na tsa angoa ke polarization.Ka feiga.1 e bonts'a kamano lipakeng tsa polarization ea leqhubu la terahertz le mokhoa oa sampole.Ho netefatsa ho itšetleha ha polarization ea CNFs, thepa ea bona ea optical e ne e lekantsoe ho itšetlehile ka ho otloloha (setšoantšo sa 1a) le polarization e holimo (setšoantšo sa 1b).Ka tloaelo, li-compatibilizer li sebelisetsoa ho hasanya CNF ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ka matrix.Leha ho le joalo, phello ea li-compatibilizer ho litekanyo tsa THz ha e so ithutoe.Litekanyo tsa lipalangoang li thata haeba ho monya terahertz ea kompatibilizer ho le holimo.Ho phaella moo, thepa ea optical THz (refractive index le absorption coefficient) e ka angoa ke mahloriso a li-compatibilizer.Ho phaella moo, ho na le homopolymerized polypropylene le block polypropylene matrices bakeng sa metsoako ea CNF.Homo-PP ke polypropylene homopolymer feela e nang le ho satalla ho hoholo le ho hanyetsa mocheso.Block polypropylene, eo hape e tsejoang e le impact copolymer, e na le matla a ho hanyetsa ho feta homopolymer polypropylene.Ntle le homopolymerized PP, thibela PP e boetse e na le likarolo tsa ethylene-propylene copolymer, 'me karolo ea amorphous e fumanoang ho copolymer e phetha karolo e tšoanang le ea rabara ka ho kenngoa ha tšabo.The terahertz spectra ha ea bapisoa.Ka hona, re ile ra qala ka ho hakanya palo ea THz ea OP, ho kenyeletsoa le comptibilizer.Ho phaella moo, re ile ra bapisa terahertz spectra ea homopolypropylene le block polypropylene.
Setšoantšo sa moralo oa tekanyo ea phetisetso ea metsoako e matlafalitsoeng ea CNF.(a) polarization e otlolohileng, (b) polarization e otlolohileng.
Mehlala ea thibela PP e ne e lokiselitsoe ho sebelisoa maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) e le comptibilizer (Umex, Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.).Ka feiga.2a,b e bonts'a THz refractive index e fumanoeng bakeng sa polarizations tse otlolohileng le tse rapameng, ka ho latellana.Ka feiga.2c,d e bonts'a li-coefficients tsa ho monya tsa THz tse fumanoeng bakeng sa polarizations tse otlolohileng le tse otlolohileng, ka ho latellana.Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe feiga.2a-2d, ha ho phapang e khōlō e ileng ea bonoa pakeng tsa thepa ea terahertz optical (refractive index le absorption coefficient) bakeng sa polarizations e otlolohileng le e holimo.Ntle le moo, li-compatibilizer ha li na phello e nyane ho liphetho tsa ho monya THz.
Lintho tsa mahlo tsa li-PP tse 'maloa tse nang le likhakanyo tse fapaneng tsa li-compatibilizer: (a) index ea refractive e fumanoeng ka lehlakoreng le otlolohileng, (b) index ea refractive e fumanoeng ka lehlakoreng le otlolohileng, (c) ho monya coefficient e fumanoeng ka lehlakoreng le otlolohileng, le (d) ho monya coefficient e fumanoeng. ka nqa e tshekaletseng.
Ka mor'a moo re ile ra lekanya block-PP e hloekileng le homo-PP e hloekileng.Ka feiga.Lipalo 3a le 3b li bonts'a li-indices tsa THz tsa refractive tsa PP tse ngata tse hloekileng le PP e hloekileng ea homogeneous, e fumanoeng bakeng sa polarizations e otlolohileng le e otlolohileng, ka ho latellana.Index ea refractive ea block PP le homo PP e fapane hanyane.Ka feiga.Lipalo tsa 3c le 3d li bonts'a li-coefficients tsa THz tsa ho monya tse hloekileng thibela PP le homo-PP e hloekileng e fumanoeng bakeng sa polarizations e otlolohileng le e otlolohileng, ka ho latellana.Ha ho phapang e ileng ea bonoa pakeng tsa li-coefficients tsa ho monya thibela PP le homo-PP.
(a) thibela PP refractive index, (b) homo PP refractive index, (c) thibela PP absorption coefficient, (d) homo PP absorption coefficient.
Ho feta moo, re ile ra lekola metsoako e matlafalitsoeng ke CNF.Ka litekanyo tsa THz tsa metsoako e matlafalitsoeng ea CNF, hoa hlokahala ho netefatsa ho hasana ha CNF ka har'a metsoako.Ka hona, re ile ra qala ho hlahloba ho hasana ha CNF ka li-composites ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa infrared pele re lekanya thepa ea optical ea mechine le ea terahertz.Lokisetsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa lisampole u sebelisa microtome.Litšoantšo tsa infrared li ile tsa fumanoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa litšoantšo oa Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) (Frontier-Spotlight400, qeto ea 8 cm-1, boholo ba pixel 1.56 µm, ho bokella makhetlo a 2 / pixel, sebaka sa tekanyo 200 × 200 µm, PerkinElmer).Ho ipapisitsoe le mokhoa o sisintsoeng ke Wang et al.17,26, pixel e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e bonts'a boleng bo fumanoeng ka ho arola sebaka sa tlhoro ea 1050 cm-1 ho tloha selulose ka sebaka sa 1380 cm-1 tlhoro ea polypropylene.Setšoantšo sa 4 se bontša litšoantšo bakeng sa ho bona kabo ea CNF ho PP e baloang ho tloha ho coefficient e kopantsoeng ea ho monya ea CNF le PP.Re hlokometse hore ho na le libaka tse 'maloa moo li-CNF li neng li kopantsoe haholo.Ho feta moo, coefficient of variation (CV) e ile ea baloa ka ho sebelisa li-filters tse tloaelehileng tse nang le boholo bo fapaneng ba lifensetere.Ka feiga.6 e bonts'a kamano lipakeng tsa boholo ba fensetere ea filthara le CV.
Kabo ea mahlakore a mabeli ea CNF ho PP, e baloang ho sebelisoa coefficient ea bohlokoa ea ho monya ea CNF ho PP: (a) Block-PP/1 wt.% CNF, (b) thibela-PP/5 wt.% CNF, (c) thibela -PP/10 wt% CNF, (d) thibela-PP/20 wt% CNF, (e) homo-PP/1 wt% CNF, (f) homo-PP/5 wt% CNF, (g) homo -PP /10 wt.%% CNF, (h) HomoPP/20 wt% CNF (sheba Boitsebiso ba Tlatsetso).
Le hoja ho bapisoa pakeng tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng ho sa nepahale, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 5, re hlokometse hore li-CNF tse thibelang PP le homo-PP li bontšitse ho hasana ho haufi.Bakeng sa likhakanyo tsohle, ntle le 1 wt% CNF, boleng ba CV bo ne bo le ka tlase ho 1.0 ka letsoapo le bonolo la gradient.Ka hona, ba nkoa ba qhalane haholo.Ka kakaretso, boleng ba CV bo atisa ho ba holimo bakeng sa boholo ba lifensetere tse nyane maemong a tlase.
Kamano pakeng tsa boholo ba fensetere ea filthara e tloaelehileng le coefficient ea ho hasana ea coefficient ea bohlokoa ea ho monya: (a) Block-PP/CNF, (b) Homo-PP/CNF.
Thepa ea terahertz optical ea metsoako e matlafalitsoeng ka li-CNF e fumanoe.Ka feiga.6 e bonts'a thepa ea optical ea lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa PP / CNF tse nang le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea CNF.Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe feiga.6a le 6b, ka kakaretso, index ea terahertz refractive ea thibela PP le homo-PP e eketseha ka ho eketseha ha mahloriso a CNF.Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho le thata ho khetholla pakeng tsa disampole tse nang le 0 le 1 wt.% ka lebaka la ho kopana.Ntle le index ea refractive, re boetse re netefalitse hore coefficient ea ho monya terahertz ea bongata ba PP le homo-PP e eketseha ka ho eketseha ha mahloriso a CNF.Ho phaella moo, re ka khetholla pakeng tsa lisampole tse nang le 0 le 1 wt.% ho liphello tsa coefficient ea ho monya, ho sa tsotellehe tataiso ea polarization.
Lisebelisoa tsa optical tsa lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa PP / CNF tse nang le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa CNF: (a) refractive index ea block-PP/CNF, (b) refractive index of homo-PP/CNF, (c) monya coefficient ea block-PP/CNF, ( d) coefficient ea ho monya homo-PP/UNV.
Re netefalitse kamano e pakeng tsa ho monya THz le mahloriso a CNF.Kamano pakeng tsa mahloriso a CNF le coefficient ea ho monya ea THz e bontšoa ho Fig.7.Liphetho tsa block-PP le homo-PP li bontšitse kamano e ntle ea mola pakeng tsa ho monya THz le mahloriso a CNF.Lebaka la tatelano ena e ntle le ka hlalosoa ka tsela e latelang.Bophara ba fiber ea UNV bo nyane haholo ho feta ba bolelele ba maqhubu a terahertz.Ka hona, ha ho na ho hasana ha maqhubu a terahertz sampuling.Bakeng sa disampole tse sa hasane, ho monya le ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho na le kamano e latelang (molao oa Beer-Lambert)27.
moo A, ε, l, le c li monyang, molar absorptivity, bolelele ba tsela e sebetsang ea khanya ka har'a sampole ea matrix, le mahloriso, ka ho latellana.Haeba ε le l li sa fetohe, ho monya ho lekana le mahloriso.
Kamano pakeng tsa ho monya ho THz le CNF concentration le linear fit e fumanoang ka mokhoa o fokolang oa lisekoere: (a) Block-PP (1 THz), (b) Block-PP (2 THz), (c) Homo-PP (1 THz) , (d) Homo-PP (2 THz).Mothalo o tiileng: mola o nang le lisekoere tse lekanang.
Thepa ea mechine ea metsoako ea PP/CNF e ile ea fumanoa libakeng tse sa tšoaneng tsa CNF.Bakeng sa matla a tsitsitseng, matla a ho kobeha, le modulus e kobehang, palo ea lisampole e ne e le 5 (N = 5).Bakeng sa matla a tšusumetso ea Charpy, boholo ba sampole ke 10 (N = 10).Litekanyetso tsena li tsamaellana le litekanyetso tse senyang tsa liteko (JIS: Litekanyetso tsa Liindasteri tsa Japane) bakeng sa ho lekanya matla a mochini.Ka feiga.Setšoantšo sa 8 se bontša kamano pakeng tsa thepa ea mechine le mahloriso a CNF, ho kenyelletsa le litekanyetso tse hakantsoeng, moo merero e neng e tsoa ho 1 THz calibration curve e bontšitsoeng ho Setšoantšo sa 8. 7a, leq.Li-curve li ne li reriloe ho latela kamano pakeng tsa likhakanyo (0% wt., 1% wt., 5% wt., 10% wt. le 20% wt.) le thepa ea mechine.Lintlha tsa ho hasanya li entsoe ka graph ea likhakanyo tse baloang ho latela thepa ea mochini ho 0% wt., 1% wt., 5% wt., 10% wt.le 20% wt.
Mechine ea thepa thibela-PP (mohala o tiileng) le homo-PP (mohala o fokolang) e le ts'ebetso ea mahloriso a CNF, CNF concentration block-PP e hakanngoa ho tloha ho THz absorption coefficient e fumanoang ho tloha polarization ea vertical (triangles), CNF concentration block- PP PP Khokahano ea CNF e hakanngoa ho tsoa ho coefficient ea ho monya ea THz e fumanoeng ho tsoa ho polarization e otlolohileng (li-circles), mohopolo oa CNF ho PP e amanang e hakanngoa ho tsoa ho coefficient ea ho monya ea THz e fumanoeng ho polarization (litaemane), khatello ea CNF ho tse amanang. PP e hakanngoa ho tloha ho THz e fumanoang ho tsoa ho polarization e rapameng Ho hakanngoa hore ho na le coefficient ea ho monya (li-square): (a) matla a ho tsitsa, (b) matla a flexural, (c) flexural modulus, (d) Charpy effect.
Ka kakaretso, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 8, thepa ea mechine ea li-block polypropylene composite e molemo ho feta metsoako ea homopolymer polypropylene.Matla a tšusumetso ea PP thibela ho latela Charpy a fokotseha ka ho eketseha ha mahloriso a CNF.Tabeng ea thibela PP, ha PP le CNF-containing masterbatch (MB) li ne li kopantsoe ho etsa motsoako, CNF e ile ea theha li-entanglement le liketane tsa PP, leha ho le joalo, liketane tse ling tsa PP li kopantsoe le copolymer.Ho feta moo, ho hasana ho hateletsoe.Ka lebaka leo, copolymer e nkang tšusumetso e thibeloa ke li-CNF tse arohaneng ka mokhoa o sa lekaneng, e leng se etsang hore ho fokotsehe ho hanyetsa matla.Tabeng ea homopolymer PP, CNF le PP li qhalakantsoe hantle 'me mohaho oa marang-rang oa CNF o nahanoa hore o ikarabella bakeng sa ho thibela.
Ntle le moo, litekanyetso tsa mahloriso tsa CNF li reriloe holim'a li-curve tse bonts'ang kamano lipakeng tsa thepa ea mochini le khatello ea 'nete ea CNF.Liphetho tsena li fumanoe li ikemetse ho polarization ea terahertz.Ka hona, re ka batlisisa ka mokhoa o sa senyeheng thepa ea mechine ea metsoako e matlafalitsoeng ea CNF, ho sa tsotellehe polarization ea terahertz, ho sebelisa litekanyo tsa terahertz.
Thermoplastic resin composite e matlafalitsoeng ke CNF e na le lintho tse ngata, ho kenyeletsoa matla a matla a mochini.Thepa ea mechine ea metsoako e matlafalitsoeng ea CNF e angoa ke bongata ba fiber e eketsehileng.Re etsa tlhahiso ea ho sebelisa mokhoa oa ho hlahloba o sa senyeheng o sebelisa tlhaiso-leseling ea terahertz ho fumana thepa ea mochini ea li-composite tse matlafalitsoeng ke CNF.Re hlokometse hore li-compatibilizer tse atisang ho kenyelletsoa ho metsoako ea CNF ha li ame litekanyo tsa THz.Re ka sebelisa coefficient ea ho monya lethathamong la terahertz bakeng sa tlhahlobo e sa senyeheng ea thepa ea mochini ea li-composite tse matlafalitsoeng ke CNF, ho sa tsotelehe polarization sebakeng sa terahertz.Ho phaella moo, mokhoa ona o sebetsa ho UNV thibela-PP (UNV / block-PP) le UNV homo-PP (UNV / homo-PP) metsoako.Thutong ena, lisampole tse kopaneng tsa CNF tse nang le phallo e ntle li ile tsa lokisoa.Leha ho le joalo, ho itšetlehile ka maemo a tlhahiso, li-CNF li ka fokotseha hantle ka lihlopha.Ka lebaka leo, thepa ea mechine ea metsoako ea CNF e ile ea senyeha ka lebaka la ho hasana ho fokolang.Terahertz imaging28 e ka sebelisoa ho fumana kabo ea CNF ntle le ho senya.Leha ho le joalo, lintlha tse ka lehlakoreng le tebileng li akaretsoa le ho lekanngoa.THz tomography24 bakeng sa tsosoloso ea 3D ea mehaho ea ka hare e ka tiisa kabo e tebileng.Ka hona, litšoantšo tsa terahertz le terahertz tomography li fana ka boitsebiso bo qaqileng boo re ka batlisisang ka ho senyeha ha thepa ea mechine e bakoang ke CNF inhomogeneity.Nakong e tlang, re rera ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa terahertz le terahertz tomography bakeng sa metsoako e matlafalitsoeng ea CNF.
Sistimi ea tekanyo ea THz-TDS e thehiloe ho laser ea femtosecond (mocheso oa kamore 25 °C, mongobo 20%).Lebone la laser la femtosecond le arotsoe ho ba seketsoana sa pompo le beam ea probe e sebelisang sekhetho sa beam (BR) ho hlahisa le ho lemoha maqhubu a terahertz, ka ho latellana.Setsi sa pompo se lebisitsoe ho emitter (antenna ea photoresistive).Sefate sa terahertz se hlahisitsoeng se tsepamisitsoe sebakeng sa mohlala.Theka ea sefate sa terahertz e tsepamisitsoeng e ka ba 1.5 mm (FWHM).Beam ea terahertz ebe e feta sampole ebe e kopanngoa.Sefate sa collimated se fihla ho moamoheli (antenna ea photoconductive).Ka mokhoa oa tlhahlobo ea tekanyo ea THz-TDS, sebaka sa motlakase sa terahertz se amoheloang sa lets'oao le sampole ea lets'oao sebakeng sa nako se fetoloa sebaka sa motlakase sa sebaka se rarahaneng sa maqhubu (ka ho latellana Eref(ω) le Esam(ω)), phetoho e potlakileng ea Fourier (FFT).Ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea phetisetso T(ω) e ka hlahisoa ho sebelisoa equation e latelang 29
moo A e leng karo-karolelano ea li-amplitudes tsa litšupiso le litšupiso tsa litšupiso, 'me φ ke phapang ea mohato lipakeng tsa litšupiso le matšoao a litšupiso.Ebe index ea refractive n(ω) le coefficient ea ho monya α(ω) e ka baloa ho sebelisoa li-equations tse latelang:
Lintlha tse hlahisitsoeng le / kapa tse hlahlobiloeng nakong ea thuto ea hajoale li fumaneha ho tsoa ho bangoli ba fapaneng ka kopo e utloahalang.
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